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Grain-oriented flat-rolled products of silicon-electrical steel (GOES) are high-performance motors required in the EU manufacturing of transformers, generators, grids and wind energy. The EU's GOES market value stands at €410 million annually. In order to protect domestic producers from serious injury caused by dumping, the EC continues to extend GOES anti-dumping duties on exporters from China, Japan, South Korea, Russia and the United States of America from January 19, 2022.1. EU: Definitive anti-dumping duty on imports of grain-oriented flat-rolled products of silicon-electrical steel from China, Japan, South Korea, Russia and the United States of AmericaAccording to the General Director of the European Steel Association (EUROFER) said “The EU energy security and climate objectives can only be met by maintain a viable European GOES industry” so to avoid dependence on foreign supplies such as Asia, the United States, Russia,...the EU were forced to intervene on GOES's import price policy. After receiving the complaint of the European Steel Association (EUROFER) on June 30, 2014, the European Commission initiated an anti-dumping investigation against grain-oriented flat rolled products of silicon-electrical steel ( thickness over 0.16mm) imported from China, Japan, Korea, Russia and the United States. Products subject to investigation are grouped by CN code as follows: ex 7225 11 00 and ex 7226 11 00.On May 12, 2015, the EU decided to impose temporary anti-dumping duties on Grain-oriented flat rolled products of silicon-electrical steel imported from China, Korea, Russia and the United States for a period of 6 months, specifically:The duty rate imposed on GOES originating in China is 28.7% of the net free-at-Union-frontier priceThe duty rate imposed on GOES originating in Japan is 35.9% of the net free-at-Union-frontier price, except JFE Steel Corporation (Tokyo) is subject to a duty of 34,2%.The duty rate imposed on GOES originating in Korea is 22.8% of the net free-at-Union-frontier priceThe duty rate imposed on GOES originating in Russia is 21.6% of the net free-at-Union-frontier priceThe duty rate imposed on GOES originating in the United States is 22.0% of the net free-at-Union-frontier priceOn October 29, 2015, the EU decided to impose definitive anti-dumping duties on grain-oriented flat-rolled products of silicon-electrical steel imported from China, Japan, Russia and the United States (Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 2015/1953). The duty rate is calculated based on the European authorities' fixation on the difference between the net free-at-Union-frontier price and the minimum import price. The official notification took effect on October 31, 2015, after the publication of the resolution in the Official Journal of the European Union. The definitive dumping margins express as a percentage of the CIF Union frontier price, duty unpaid, are:CountryCompanyDefinitive dumping marginChinaBaoshan Iron & Steel Co., Ltd., Shanghai21,5 %Wuhan Iron & Steel Co., Ltd., Wuhan54,9 %All other companies54,9 %JapanJFE Steel Corporation, Tokyo47,1 %Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal Corporation, Tokyo52,2 %All other companies52,2 %Republic of KoreaPOSCO, Seoul22,5 %All other companies22,5 %Russian FederationOJSC Novolipetsk Steel, Lipetsk; VIZ Steel, Ekaterinburg29,0 %All other companies29,0 %USAAK Steel Corporation, Ohio60,1 %All other companies60,1 %2. EU: Extension of anti-dumping duty on duties on grain-oriented flat rolled products of silicon-electrical steel from 5 countriesThe investigation by the European Commission said that if the current anti-dumping measures were to end, the situation of GOES imports from Asian countries, Russia, and the United States would increase, which would be harmful to GOES production of Europe.Therefore, the Commission will continue to implement this measure in the form of minimum import prices. Under WTO rules, the minimum import price is considered a non-tariff trade barrier and is not accepted. However, they are still used as an anti-dumping measure. When the import price is lower than the minimum import price from 21.5 to 39%, the EU will apply anti-dumping duty. Therefore, it remains an acceptable regulation for grain-oriented flat rolled products of silicon-electrical steel to Europe. Although there are still many controversies and objections from Japan and China about this duty, the overall assessment shows that these measures will create a level playing field for domestic GOES producers and exporting countries with high quality GOES into EU.Above are the latest updates of MRS Steel on the issue of “Commission extends anti-dumping duties on grain-oriented flat rolled products of silicon-electrical steel”. GOES is a strategic, high-end product that plays an important role in the European life and energy sectors. Therefore, the EC always issues policies to protect imported goods in a timely manner to avoid dependence on foreign supplies. This will ensure price stability and the domestic market, but it will also make it difficult for importers to access cheap, high-quality electrical steel sources. 

The trade tensions continued to be a hot topic when Turkey recently imposed an anti-dumping duty on HRC products from the EU and Korea. This decision is seen as retaliation from Turkey based on the fact that their country's HRC source was previously taxed by Europe.The overview of imposing anti-dumping HRCSince January 2021, the Turkish has started an anti-dumping investigation on hot rolled coils imported from the EU and Korea. The investigation was initiated by requirements from the Turkish Steel Association on behalf of domestic steel producers.Hot rolled coil products in the investigation list have codes including 7208.10.00, 7208.25.00, 7208.26.00, 7208.27.00, 7208.36.00, 7208.37.00, 7208.38.00, 7208.39 .00, 7208.40.00, 7208.52.908, 7208.52.908, 7208.52.10, 7208.53.10, 7208.53.90, 7208.54.00, 7211.13.00, 7211.14.00, 7211.19.00, 7212.60.00, 7225.19.10, 7225.30.10, 7225.30.30, 7225.90. .90, 7226.91.20, 7226.91.91 and 7226.91.99In March 2022, the government announced the results of the investigation after a long time for reviewing. Accordingly, HRC importers from the EU and Korea were found to be selling HRC products at a lower price than the floor price in domestic. The Turkish Ministry of Commerce has calculated that the dumping margin of Korean importers ranges from 14 to 18.6%, especially for European HRC steel importers who have been accused of dumping with a margin of high in the range of 23-49%.On July 7, 2022, in the face of arguments about unfair competition, the Turkish Ministry of Commerce decided to impose an anti-dumping duty on importers from the EU and Korea. The tax rate will be calculated in the range of 7-18.8% for HRC products from Europe and 7-8.95% for HRC products originating from Korea.What is the cause of escalating tension? "What we have been doing is a proper answer for the EU after everything they have done to Turkey in the past four years," the Turkish Steel Association vice president declared.In addition, he also said that the imposition of the tax would be an essential step to prevent unfair trade between domestic and foreign manufacturers.Turkey is one of the largest export markets for the EU, and they often look to this country as a solution to eliminating the inventory situation when the demand for steel in the European region is significantly reduced. EU producers have been accused of regularly selling large shipments of steel to Turkish users at lower prices than the prices in Europe, specifically a large factory in France sold steel in Turkey for about €750/ton, while the domestic price is much more expensive with a specific price above €900/tons.Although the imposition of an anti-dumping tax has the participation of the EU and South Korea, this is actually seen as a response from the Turkish manufacturers to the EU since the case of anti-dumping duties on HRC products from Turkey in January 2021.Vietnam's Perspective Before Recent Anti-Dumping LawsuitsAs of 2023, Turkey will always be a potential steel export market for Vietnamese suppliers. The trading relationships become significant in the context of steel demand in Turkey increasing sharply to serve the reconstruction of construction structures after the earthquake in January.Although Turkey has previously initiated an anti-dumping investigation on stainless steel pipes from Vietnam, the Turkish Ministry of Industry and Trade has not yet made a final decision on this matter. It can be seen that commercial cooperation between the two countries has always maintained a stable status based on bilateral interests.Particularly for HRC products, Vietnam is considered one of the most potent steel manufacturers with annual output of HRC steel reaching more than 8.6 million tons. Thanks to strong production capacity and technological advances, Vietnam has been able to supply and export HRC worldwide. In just 6 months of 2021, Vietnam's HRC export volume has reached 700,000 tons. 

On October 7, 2020, the EU officially imposed a definitive anti-dumping duty on hot-rolled stainless steel coils and sheets (SSHR) imported from Indonesia, China, and Taiwan. This move is to protect the interests of manufacturers in the European Union such as Belgium, Italy, and Finland against dumping by foreign enterprises. This decision contributed to the protection of nearly 200,000 domestic steel industry jobs and increased the EU's total number of trade remedies measures to 56.1. EU imposes temporary anti-dumping duty on steel imported from Indonesia, China, Taiwan1.1. Steel groups are imposed anti-dumping dutyOn June 28, 2019, the European Steel Association (Eurofer) accused manufacturers of hot rolled stainless steel coils and sheets (SSHR) from Indonesia, China, and Taiwan of dumping, affecting domestic manufacturers and market steel prices. The European Commission accepted the complaint and initiated an anti-dumping investigation on the products subject classified under the HS codes of HS 7219.11, 7219.12, 7219.13, 7219.14, 7219.22, 7219.23, 7219.24, 7220.11 and 7220.12.The general director of EUROFER said that the steel industry of Indonesia, China, and Taiwan have too much capacity, so they export cheap SSHR to European Union nations. Their dumping has caused a lot of damage to the European steel industry, so remedial measures are necessary.1.2. The temporary anti-dumping duty rate for Indonesia, China, and TaiwanOn January 25, 2020, the EC requested import registration for goods from Indonesia, China, and Taiwan for a period of 9 months. Regulations imposing import registration requirements officially took effect on January 24, 2020.On April 8, 2020, the European Commission issued Regulation (EU) 2020/508, imposing temporary anti-dumping duties on goods imported from Indonesia, China, and Taiwan, specifically:The duty rates for imports from China range from 14.5 to 18.9% of the net free-at Union-frontier price before duty depending on the company.The duty rate for imports from Chinese Taipei ranges from 6 to 7.5% of the net free-at Union-frontier price before duty depending on the company.The duty rate for imports from Indonesia is 17% of the net free-at Union-frontier price before duty depending on the company. 2. EU imposed definitive anti-dumping duty on Indonesia, China, TaiwanOn October 7, 2020, the European Commission imposed definitive anti-dumping duty on SSHR from Indonesia, China, and Taiwan. Specifically:The duty rate for imports from Indonesia is 17.3% of the net free-at Union-frontier price before duty depending on the company.The duty rate for imports from Taiwan is 4.1% or 7.5% of the net free-at Union-frontier price before duty depending on the company.The duty rate on imports from China is 9.2 - 19% of the net free-at Union-frontier price before duty depending on the company.One of China and Indonesia's most important industrial exports is stainless steel sheet and cold-rolled coil. Although there is no accurate report on the damage from the new anti-dumping duty from the EU,  it will have a direct impact on the two countries' export and production activities. Faced with the risk of oversupply and great economic damage, the countries involved have made recommendations and objections to the EU's decision to impose anti-dumping duties.Accordingly, the European Commission issued the Commission's Implementation Regulation (EU) 2020/1713 on November 17, 2020, amending the definitive anti-dumping duty rate on SSHR imported from China, Taiwan, and Indonesia in the case of a specific safeguard duty is also applied to the same good. If the official safeguard duty rate is 25% out-of-quota, importers are exempt from anti-dumping duties. 

Trade remedies take place as an apparent trend in the integration process of the global economy. Therefore, it is not surprising that anti-dumping cases are escalating gradually and most recently, the EU imposed anti-dumping duties on Turkish steel products.Overall the evolution of the EU imposed anti-dumping duty on Turkish steelOn August 12, 2022, the European Commission announced the decision to impose anti-dumping duties on galvanized steel products from Turkey. According to information from the commission, an investigation into trade remedies evidence has been started from January 2020 until December 2020 after the request from the European Steel Association (EUROFER). The products under investigation include hot-dip galvanized steel and galvalume steel in both coil and flat forms.After many preliminary investigations, the European Union decided to impose anti-dumping duties ranging from 8% to 11% on galvanized steel products imported from Turkey. The tax rate will be applied depending on the different manufacturing plants for 5 years.Analyze some causes of the lawsuit from the EUExplaining the reason for the incident, the European said that the import price of galvanized steel from Turkey has decreased significantly and it has a significant difference when compared to the price of the steel manufacturers in the EU from 2018. By the end of 2020, the price of Turkish steel will have decreased by half compared to the price of steel from Europe. This evidence is enough for the European Union to conclude that Turkish steel products have been dumped at 2.4 - 39.8%.For a long time, the EU market has always been an important export market for Turkey. By 2021, Turkey's total export of galvanized steel has reached 1.6 million tons, equivalent to a value of 2 billion USD. Along with that, Europe's steel consumption volume reached a stable level from 2017 to 2019 but then decreased by 10% in 2020, the cause partly due to pressure from steel imported from Turkey.The EU's decision to apply an anti-dumping policy is seen as a negative effect on Turkish exporters, but it helps European factories reduce price pressure among a series of international exporters. As a result, EU producers can implement a strategy to stabilize prices as well as reduce rivalry from competitors.Some reactions from Turkey importers face to anti-dumping dutyBefore the results of the anti-dumping duties, the Turkish Steel Exporters Association had fierce controversies. Accordingly, the Turkey side declared that the price of galvanized steel was directly affected by the previous price fluctuation of HRC. However, the EU side rejected this claim.In addition, the European Union also rejected some opinions that the cause of their steel output decline was mainly due to weak demand. Some experts believe that European manufacturers have invested in inappropriate strategies during and after the Covid pandemic has caused operating capacity to exceed consumption, leading to substantial losses which adversely affect profits.“Our export situation will be aggravated by these decisions, there is a high rate of possibility that we will lose in the competitive position compared to India, Korea, and Vietnam,” said the Export Association. Turkish Steel (CIB) commented. Vietnam's perspective on Turkey's anti-dumping dutyWhen faced with the anti-dumping tax case from Turkey, Vietnam expressed severe concern about the anti-dumping issue as a steel exporter. Vietnam and Turkey both have similarities in the export market while the EU market has always been one of the four largest markets for Vietnam's galvanized steel industry.Currently, Vietnam is considered one of the countries with rapid growth in export turnover when many of Vietnam's export products, including galvanized steel, certainly create competitive pressure on domestic markets. This development causes many countries to pay attention including the European Union. Therefore, the galvanized steel industry is predicted to be no exception to this inevitable trend with a high probability of imposed trade remedies tax policies in the future.Although Vietnam's galvanized steel has not yet been subject to trade remedy lawsuits when exporting to the European market, it will be limited in quantity instead. Specifically, on 1st July 2022, Vietnam's galvanized steel exports will be managed under a quota of 1.8 million tons. If the export volume in the year exceeds the quota, the import tax will have to pay an additional 25%.In the worries about anticipating trade remedies from Europe in the future, the European market has always been a potential export land for Vietnamese steel manufacturers. Because it has only 3 of a total of 23 products subject to quotas including cold rolled steel, galvanized steel, and stainless steel. The remaining 20 types of steel products temporarily do not apply to quotas and are not subject to additional tax rates. 

Russian galvanized steel has created tremendous competitive pressure in the European market. This forces the EU to apply trade remedies to ensure the development of the European Union bloc.Russia is hit with anti-dumping duties by the EURussia is the world's 3rd largest steel exporter, with annual steel exports reaching 28 million tons. In the Europe market, Russia is currently the second-largest supplier of steel to Europe after Turkey. The excessive export of galvanized steel to Europe is said to be the act of destroying competitors and expanding the market, which is an act of unfair competition and should be prevented. There have been lawsuits alleging that galvanized steel products are dumped from Russia on the European market, affecting the region's steel market economy.The European Steel Industry Association (Eurofer) initiated the investigation after receiving a report from Commodity Insights. According to the lawsuit, Europe's average galvanized steel production remained stable from 2017 to 2019, but prices remained higher than those imported from Russia. However, in the period from 2019 to 2020, EU steel production decreased by 10%, mainly due to the impact of cheap Russian steel flooding the European market. This makes the EU steel market volatile, and domestic steel enterprises suffer a decline in output and revenue.From January to December 2020, the EC opened an investigation into the imports of galvanized steel products from Russia into EU countries to determine whether these products are being dumped and whether such imports cause harm or damage to EU domestic steel producers. The products investigated fall under HS codes 7210410020, 7210410030, 7210490020, 7210490030, 7210610020, 7210610030, 7210690020, 7210690030, 7210908092, 7212300020, 7212300030, 7212506120, 7212506130, 7212506920, 7212506930, 7212509014, 7212509092, 7225920020, 7225920030, 7225990022, 7225990023, 7225990041, 7225990092, 7225990093, 7226993010, 7226993030, 7226997013, 7226997093 và 7226997094.The EC determined that Russian galvanized steel products had a dumping margin of between 2.4% and 39.8%. The fact that galvanized steel products are imported from Russia and dumped in the EU market makes domestic manufacturers unable to sell their products, putting pressure on the national economy.Accordingly, on August 12, 2022, the EU imposed an anti-dumping order on galvanized steel products from Russia after concluding this investigation. The EU imposed anti-dumping orders on galvanized steel products originating from Russia after the conclusion of this investigation. Russian steel mills will be subject to specific duties, as follows: Anti-dumping duties on steel from Magnitogorsk Metallurgical Plant amounted to 36.6%, Novolipetsk Metallurgical Plant to 10.3%, Severstal to 31.3%, and other Russian enterprises to 37.4%.Vietnam - An alternative to RussiaMost EU countries import steel from Russia, EU anti-dumping duties on Russian galvanized steel disrupted the EU steel market, affecting supply in other industries. The EU and Vietnam share the same EVFTA trade agreement, which is an opportunity for EU countries when importing steel from Vietnam. The joint trade agreement helps EU countries avoid being subject to import duties when importing galvanized steel originating from Vietnam. This helps countries in the EU import quality steel at a more reasonable cost than importing steel from other countries.As one of the significant steel exporters in the world today, the prolonged conflict between Russia and Ukraine directly affects global raw material resources, including the steel industry. The shortage of steel supply from Russia will cause steel prices in Europe to rise, especially as many steelmakers in Europe have had to reduce capacity because of soaring energy costs. This is also a condition for Vietnamese steel enterprises such as Hoa Sen Group, Hoa Phat Group, Nam Kim Steel... boost the export of galvanized steel to this potential market, replacing the gap left by Russia. 

Tensions in trade between Turkey and the EU have always been a never-ending matter. Recently, on April 18, 2023, the European Commission expanded an investigation against the sale of hot rolled stainless steel prices from Turkey due to suspicions about the origin of these items from Indonesia.1. EU accuses Turkey's support of cheating for Indonesian steel to enter the marketThe EU  has discovered that Turkey's HRSS (hot roll stainless steel) has been disposed of before being dispensed to the European market. This has raised doubts when the origin of this item comes from Indonesia, which is considered a severe circumvention of the anti-dumping duty.Statistical table of SSR import volume from Turkey and Indonesia to the EU marketIn October 2020, the European Commission imposed an anti-dumping duty on hot-rolled stainless steel imported from Indonesia at a rate of 17.3%.However, on June 17, 2022, the European Commission received an investigation requesting signs of anti-dumping tax evasion from Indonesian manufacturers. Products investigated in the following codes: HS 7219 11, 7219 12, 7219 13, 7219 14, 7219 22, 7219 23, 7219 24, 7220 11, and 7220 12.Some data provide that there has been a significant change in the volume import of stainless steel plates (the primary raw material for the production of hot-rolled stainless steel) from Indonesia to Turkey and the volume of exports of hot-rolled stainless steel surged from Turkey to the European market. The European side believes that Indonesian manufacturers have circumvented the law by changing the location of product assembly and borrowing from consignment in Turkey to avoid anti-dumping tax.Statistical table of imported stainless steel plates from Indonesia to the Turkey market2. Some responses from Turkish steel exportersAfter the announcements, Çolakoğlu - a steel exporter in Turkey argued against it. He said it was an absurd and unfounded decision when the EU only relied on statistical data about Turkey's hot-rolled stainless steel imports and the number of stainless steel plates from Indonesia to conclude.In addition, other exporters in Turkey claim that importing stainless steel plates from Indonesia is a normal commercial activity as it helps Turkey steel factories have more diverse input materials. In the opinion of Turkey's steel exporters, the EU's expansion of investigation measures and the imposition of anti-dumping duties on Turkey will give them more losses than benefits they receive. Specifically, the price will be increased many times; the most damaged person is still the end user in the region, which seems to go against the interests of the Alliance.3. What is the direction for steel exporters in the EU market?Europe has long been recognized as an essential market with much potential but is fraught with strict barriers. One of the typical challenges is the level of tariff quotas for imported steel and numerous recent trade remedy lawsuits.From the perspective of Vietnam - one of the countries with outstanding export development, steel is a commodity getting involved in trade remedy lawsuits quickly. Although Vietnam's steel export situation still faces trade remedies in Europe, opportunities still exist for Vietnamese steel manufacturers.Until now, Vietnam has 15 contracts of Free Trade Agreements, such as the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), the Vietnam-EU FTA (EVFTA), etc. Depending on this covenant, import tariffs are reduced significantly compared to other countries in the region.As for anti-dumping, steel products imported from Vietnam to the EU are complementary and not in direct competition. The reason is that the import proportion of Vietnamese steel enterprises is still relatively low, so it is not enough to threaten the competition of manufacturers in the region.